医社、药市、信仰：明清杭州吴山的医疗社会

Medical Society， Pharmaceutical Market， and Belief： The Medical Society in Wushan， Hangzhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

中文关键词:  明清；杭州吴山；信仰；药市；医社；区域社会史；江南史

英文关键词:Ming and Qing dynasties； Wushan， Hangzhou； belief； medicine market； medical society

中文摘要:

      ：明清时期，经历代沿传累积，以杭州吴山及周边街区为中心，形成一个以医者、药商、民众为主体，包括 医学、诊疗、药市、信仰等多维空间在内的医疗社会。在杭州的城市空间中，吴山处西湖东南之畔，又临杭州商 业中心清河坊街，为人口密集、商业繁盛、文社汇聚之地。尤其特别之处，吴山为城中之山。山上庙宇林立，山 顶平升处有药王庙矗立，既是药商同业祭祀聚会之处，又是民众祈拜安康之所。山间有侣山堂，是张志聪、高 士栻等行医讲学处，亦为后人所言钱塘医派的主要活动地。吴山之侧还有名医汇集。在山下及坊街上，诸多 知名药堂、药铺开设于此。时间序列上的累积，街区空间上的汇集，体现了医、病、药之间紧密的市场和社会关 联，构建起以吴山为中心的医疗社会。这一医疗社会既呈现了以医者、药商为主体的医疗行业之链，也是杭州 社会系统的重要构成部分，根植并嵌合于杭州的历史进程及民众的生活空间中。它既为在地民众提供公共医 疗服务，也维系着医疗共同体的存续发展。明清杭州吴山的医疗社会的构成及其功能表明，“医疗社会”不只 具有学科及认知意义，在一定时空范围内也是具化可见的历史实态。

英文摘要:

      During the Ming and Qing dynasties， through generations of inheritance and accumulation， centered around Wushan （吴山） in Hangzhou （杭州） and its surrounding neighborhoods， a medical society was formed. The medical society primarily consisted of doctors， pharmacists， and the public， encompassing multiple dimensions of such as medicine， diagnosis and treatment， pharmaceutical markets， and beliefs. In the urban space of Hangzhou， Wushan is located on the southeastern bank of West Lake and adjacent to Qinghefang （清河坊） Street， the commercial center of Hangzhou. It is an area characterized by dense population， bustling commerce， and a convergence of cultural societies. Particularly noteworthy is that Wushan stands as a hill within the city. There are many temples on the hill， and the Yaowang （药王， Medicine King） Temple stands on the top of the hill. It is not only a gathering place for medicine merchants to worship， but also a place for people to pray for good health. There was Lvshantang （侣山堂） in the hill， where Zhang Zhicong （张志聪）， Gao Shishi （高世栻） and others practiced medicine and gave lectures. It is also said by later generations to be the main activity place of the Qiantang （钱塘） Medical School. On the side of Wushan hill， there are also famous doctors gathering together. At the foot of the hill and on Fang Street， many well-known medicine halls and pharmacies are opened here. The accumulation in time series and the gathering in block space reflect the close market and social connections between doctor， disease， and medicine， and build a medical society centered around Wushan. This medical society is not only a chain of medical industries with doctors and pharmaceutical sellers as the main body， but also an important part of Hangzhou’s social system. It is rooted in and embedded in the historical process of Hangzhou and the living space of the people. It not only provides public medical services to local people， but also maintains the continued development of the medical community. The composition and functions of medical society in Wushan， Hangzhou during the Ming and Qing dynasties show that “medical society” not only has disciplinary and cognitive significance， but is also a concrete and visible historical reality within a certain time and space.