从生产自身到发展自身——西方劳动观念的变迁及其启示

The Change of Western Labor Concept from Self-Production to Self-Development

中文关键词:  西方社会；劳动观念；生产自身的劳动；发展自身的劳动；自由

英文关键词:Western society, concept of labor, self-production labor, self-development labor, freedom

中文摘要:

      劳动观念既可以描摹社会性状与时代精神的某些表征，也可以透视社会心理与社会机理的深层次变动。马克思之前西方劳动观念的演变史事实上表现为体力劳动观念变迁的历史，“劳动”只被视为满足人自然存在性的需要，是人有限性的表现，因而是不自由的；直到马克思，劳动才实现了作为对人的自然本质规定性向自由类本质规定性的转变，因而才有了整体上统一的内涵；当代西方则在继承、批判马克思劳动理论的基础上，结合新的时代特征对劳动问题进行了新思考。西方劳动观念的演变史根本上反映出从生产自身的劳动向发展自身的劳动转变的趋势。通过对西方劳动观念史流变的系统考察，可以为我们深刻反省和洞悉当前中国社会劳动观念的新动向提供重要的参照，具有多重启发意义。

英文摘要:

      The concept of labor describes characteristics of the society and the spirit of the times, and examines the changes of social psychology and social mechanism in depth. Before Marx, Western labor concept was actually the evolution of physical labor concept, and “labor” was regarded as the needs for human existence. As the limited presentation of man, “labor” was not regarded as free. Until Marx, the concept of labor was defined as man’s freedom essence rather than natural essence, and was endowed with complete connotations. On the basis of inheritance and criticism of Marxist labor theory, the current Western scholars hold new thoughts on labor concept. The evolution of the Western labor concept reflects its change from self-production to self-development. The study of the change of the concept is beneficial to provide a reference to the change of labor concept in current China.