赫德的汉语推广与晚清洋员的汉语培训

Robert Hart’s Promotion of Chinese Language Learning Among the Customs Foreign Employees in Late Qing

中文关键词:  赫德；晚清海关；汉语考试；洋员培训

英文关键词:Robert Hart, late Qing Customs, Chinese language learning and test

中文摘要:

      英国籍总税务司赫德掌管晚清海关近50年，制定一系列条令与规范，严格要求所有外籍关员学习汉语。自学之外，始则有资深洋员脱产进修，随即在欧洲公开招考，每年集中约10名洋员脱产培训，带薪学习1至2年。洋员的汉语水平，直接关系其就业、晋职与加薪，“海关汉语教学”首次将汉语纳入“职业外语教学”与“职业外语考试”行列。晚清海关洋员的汉语学习，历时长，人数多，力度大，覆盖面广，学生来源广泛，功利性强，成效也较大。

英文摘要:

      Robert Hart, an Englishman who had worked as the Inspector General of Customs in late Qing Dynasty for almost 50 years, stipulated a series of ordnance and regulations to require all foreign employees to learn Chinese language. Besides self-learning, the senior employees received full-time training. During the 50 years, an annual public examination in Europe was held to enroll about 10 custom employees, and the new employees also received full-time Chinese language training with pay for 1 or 2 years. Customs foreign employees’ Chinese language proficiency is closely related to their individual employment, promotion and salary increase. It was the first time that Chinese language was included in the “Professional Foreign Language Teaching” and “Professional Foreign Language Test”. Customs foreign employees’ Chinese learning in late Qing Dynasty was quite successful and effective due to large numbers of students, wide coverage and utilitarian purpose.