环境危机论与政府责任论：美国科学家对国际环境治理的追求及其影响（1945—1972）

Environmental Crisis and Government Responsibility：American Scientists’Pursuit of International Environmental Governance and Its Impact（1945-1972）

中文关键词:  环境政治；环境科学；国际环境治理；美国对外关系

英文关键词:environmental politics；environmental science；international environmental governance；U. S. foreign relations

中文摘要:

      “二战”后，在学术兴趣和政府资助的双重推动下，一些美国自然科学家发现了人类活动对自然环境产生的严重破坏，他们认为环境危机将对全人类造成威胁。受社会责任感的驱使，科学家开始向公众普及环境知识，这让“新马尔萨斯主义”和“环境承载力”理论在美国流行开来，使得越来越多的民众意识到了环境危机的紧迫性和全球环境的整体性。在此基础上，科学家还建议政府承担环保责任，并主动组织国际合作，与世界各国共同应对危机。科学家的呼吁和建议影响到了尼克松政府中的环境政策决策者，使环保官员接受了科学家的观点，积极推动政府环保职能改革，还与科学家一道宣传环保活动的重要性。在二者的共同努力下，环境国际主义思想在 20 世纪六七十年代的美国得到了广泛传播，为美国政府推动环境议题的国际政治化提供了社会基础。

英文摘要:

      After World War II，driven by both academic interest and government funding，some American natural scientists discovered the serious damage to the natural environment caused by human activities，and they realized that the environmental crisis would pose a threat to all of humanity. Motivated by a sense of social responsibility，scientists began disseminating environmental knowledge to the public，which led to popularize the theories of“neo-Malthusianism”and“environmental carrying capaci? ty”in the United States，making more and more people aware of the urgency of the environmental crisis and wholeness of the global environment. On this basis，scientists further recommended that governments take responsibility for environmental protection and take the initiative to organize international cooperation to tackle the crisis together with countries around the world. The scientists’appeals and recommendations influenced the decision-makers in the Nixon administration’s environmental policy，leading environmental officials to embrace the scientists’views and actively prompting reform of the government’s environmental functions，as well as to work with the scientists to promote the importance of environmental activities. Through the joint efforts of scientists and government officials，the idea of environmental internationalism gained widespread dissemination in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s，providing the social basis for the U. S. government to promote the international politicization of environmental issues.