论明代北京皇城的瓮城结构

On the Structure of Weng Cheng in Beijing Imperial City in Ming Dynasty

中文关键词:  明代；北京皇城；瓮城；南京皇城

英文关键词:Ming Dynasty, Imperial City of Beijing, weng cheng, Imperial City of Nanijing

中文摘要:

      元明清以来的皇宫城池，越来越呈现为内外两重结构，但在明代，北京皇城多被视为一个整体，而非内外两重。分析明代两京皇城的建造历程、布局结构、防卫门禁可知：明代北京皇城，并非按内外双重理念设计建造，而可视为一内城加四瓮城的整体结构。洪武时期的南京皇城，沿南方传统新修内城，为强化防御增建瓮城，仿元代皇城加筑外城。永乐时期的北京皇城，在元代两重结构基础上，模仿、保留了南京模式，内外城之间瓮城地带的封围、防卫、门禁得到强化，内城与外城的区别相应弱化。所以，明代北京的皇宫城池，虽较以往更明显地分为内城和外城，在明人心目中却首先是一个内外一体的“皇城”。

英文摘要:

      Since the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial palaces have become more and more internal and external structure. However, in the Ming Dynasty, the Imperial City of Beijing was regarded as a whole rather than internal and external structure. After analyzing the construction history, layout structure, and defensive access control of the two imperial cities in the Ming Dynasty, it was found that the Imperial City of Beijing in the Ming Dynasty was not designed and built according to the dual internal and external concepts, but could be regarded as the overall structure of an inner city and a four “weng cheng”. An inner city was built in the Imperial City of Nanjing in the Hongwu period according to the southern tradition, and an outer city was built to strengthen the defense, which imitated the Imperial City of the Yuan Dynasty. The Imperial City of Beijing during the Yongle Period, based on the double structure of the Yuan Dynasty, imitated and retained the Nanjing model. The enclosing, defense, and access control of the “weng cheng” zone between the inner and outer cities had been strengthened. The difference between the inner city and the outer city had weakened accordingly. Therefore, although the Imperial City of Beijing in the Ming Dynasty was more clearly divided into the inner city and the outer city than in the past, in the minds of the Ming people, it was first and foremost an “Imperial City” integrated with the outer city.