明代浙江城隍周新信仰成立考——兼论省城隍神的诞生

The Establishment of Faith in Zhou Xin in Ming Dynasty and the Appearance of Provincial City-God

中文关键词:  城隍庙；城隍神；浙江城隍；杭州城隍；省城隍神；省域意识

英文关键词:town god temple, city-god, Zhejiang City-God, Hangzhou City-God, provincial city-god, sense of province region

中文摘要:

      杭州城隍又称浙江城隍，其人物原型被指为明初浙江按察使周新。数百年来当地人认为周新是由永乐皇帝敕封成神的。文章通过对明代史料的还原与考证，指出永乐年间周新并没有被敕封成城隍神，在其死后十数年至29年间才被杭州民间拥戴为城隍神并替代了旧神。其背景之一在于，明初制定了禁止城隍塑像的政策，原有城隍神无甚名气，无法突破禁令，而改换成符合儒教价值观的周新后，不但塑像能够成功，也与省城地位匹配。背景之二是，由于明代的高层政区（省）逐渐发展成了一个区域共同体，省级长官主祭治所所在地的坛庙日渐成为习惯，于是出现了省城隍神的思想与实践，而周新也就成为中国历史上的首位省城隍神。

英文摘要:

      Hangzhou City-God is also called Zhejiang City-God, the prototype of which referred to Zhou Xin who was known as the provincial judge of Zhejiang in the early Ming Dynasty. For hundreds of years, the local people thought Zhou Xin was canonized as god by the Emperor Yongle. Based on researches and restoration of historical materials of Ming Dynasty, the paper intends to point out that Zhou Xin was honored as the city-god and replaced the old god by local people over ten to twenty-nine years after his death rather than being canonized as city-god in the period of Yongle. On the one hand, there were policies to forbid building city-god statue in the early Ming Dynasty and the old city-god failed in having a statue. The image of Zhou Xin was in accord with values of Confucianism, so the building of his statue succeeded and it matched with the position of the provincial capital. On the other hand, Zhejiang province had developed into a regional community in Ming Dynasty. It was accustomed to worship provincial judge as its god. So it was practicable for the establishment of provincial city-god. In that case, Zhou Xin became the first provincial city-god in Chinese history.