国际法院跨界环境损害救济的“守成”与“创新”——哥斯达黎加与尼加拉瓜跨界环境损害纠纷案评析

ICJ’s Conservative and Creative Practice in Trans-boundary Environmental Damage Relief— Comments on the Costa Rica and Nicaragua Trans-boundary Environmental Damage Dispute Case

中文关键词:  哥斯达黎加与尼加拉瓜跨界环境损害纠纷案；跨界环境影响评价；指示临时措施；跨界环境损害

英文关键词:Costa Rica and Nicaragua transboundary environmental damage dispute case；transboundary environmental impact assessment；interim measures；transboundary environmental damage

中文摘要:

      哥斯达黎加与尼加拉瓜跨界环境损害纠纷案是联合国国际法院近年来做出的一个具有历史意义的国际环境法判决，它标志着综合性跨界环境损害救济机制的初步建立。跨界环境影响评价属于事前救济制度，其在内容、程序方面缺乏严密规范，导致国际法院较难就当事国是否违反跨界环境影响评价义务形成一致判断标准。指示临时措施属于事中救济制度，本质上是一种经由国际法院司法活动形成的“禁令救济”，因尚未形成自主法律制度而缺乏强制性法律拘束力。总体来看，国际法院在该案判决中虽进一步探讨了跨界环境损害救济制度，但在规则理解和适用上“守成”有余，进步意义有限。该案最具创新意义的是国际法院于国际法层面首次认可了跨界环境损害的可赔偿性，但它在生态损害评估、赔偿方式和科学证据使用等方面的说理论证不尽完善。综合性跨界环境损害救济机制的健全，仍有待更多国际司法实践的发展和推动。

英文摘要:

      The Costa Rica and Nicaragua transboundary environmental damage dispute case is a historic international law case recently decided by the ICJ，marking the preliminary establishment of comprehensive transboundary environmental damage relief mechanism. The comprehensive relief mechanism of transboundary environmental damage includes three kinds of relief systems. Transboundary environmental impact assessment is the prior relief system，which lacks strict norms in terms of its content and procedure，making it difficult for ICJ to reach a consistent judgment standard on whether a party concerned has violated the EIA obligation. The interim measure belongs to the system of interim relief，which is essentially an“injunction relief”formed by the judicial activities of ICJ，and lacks mandatory legal binding force because an independent legal system has not yet been formed. On the whole，although ICJ further explored former relief systems for transboundary environmental damage in this judgment，it was still conservative in the understanding and application of relevant rules with limited innovation. The most innovative significance of this case is that the ICJ has recognized the compensability of transboundary environmental damage for the first time at the level of international law，but its argumentation on ecological damage assessment，compensation method and scientific evidence use remained to be improved. The systematic establishment of comprehensive transboundary environmental damage relief mechanism still needs development and promotion of more international judicial practices.