《民法典》合同编视域下的区块链智能合约研究

Research on Block-Chain Smart Contract under Contract Part of Civil Code

中文关键词:  区块链；智能合约；民法典；合同法；调整路径

英文关键词:block-chain, smart contract, civil code, contract law, adjustment path

中文摘要:

      新一代智能合约脱胎于区块链技术，随着其运用范围的不断拓展，人们的交易方式将发生巨大变化，同时也给中国合同领域的法律规则带来了许多挑战。智能合约的本质虽与合同类似，但结合即将生效的《民法典》合同编与总则编的相关内容可以发现，智能合约在意思表示、合同效力、抗辩权，以及合同的履行、变更解除、违约救济等方面都存在与现行法律不同甚至矛盾的地方。要想将智能合约纳入合同编进行调整，需要双管齐下。在智能合约方面，加强技术发展，并配套法定数字货币使之更安全、更规范。在合同法方面，可对意思表示一致做扩大认定，对“要约—承诺”规则进行前置化处理，对智能合约合同生效时间做统一规定，对合约当事方进行一定的反匿名措施，还需对智能合约程序的代理权做区分。应增加相应的救济途径，并对合同对价方式做一定限制。

英文摘要:

      The newly smart contract is born out of blockchain technology. With the continuous expansion of its scope and application, people’s trading methods will be greatly changed, in the meantime, lots of challenges will brought to the legal rules in the field of contracts in China. Although the essence of the contract is similar to that of the contract, it can be found that the smart contract has some differences or even contradictions with the current law in terms of expression of intention, validity of contract, right of defense, performance of contract, rescission of change and relief of breach of contract. A two-pronged approach is needed to incorporate smart contracts into the contract. Enhanced technology in smart contracts development, and supporting the legal digital currency to make it safer and more standardized. In the aspect of contract law, it is possible to enlarge the determination of meaning, to pre-process the “offer-acceptance” rule, to make a unified stipulation on the effective time of smart contract, to make certain anti-anonymity measures to the parties to the contract, and to distinguish the agency right of smart contract procedure. Finally, more corresponding relief channels are needed, and some restrictions should be made on the way of contract consideration.