1873年英国司法改革与上议院司法权的变迁

British Judicial Reform in 1873 and Jurisdiction Changes of House of Lords

中文关键词:  司法改革；法律贵族；司法治理；议会主权；审级制度

英文关键词:judicial reform, legal aristocrat, judicial governance, parliamentary sovereignty, trial level system

中文摘要:

      1873年之前，作为贵族司法传统的重要体现，英国的最高司法权由上议院贵族行使。19世纪上议院司法权遭遇正当性危机，是否保留上议院司法权、延续贵族司法传统成为主导1873年司法改革的焦点问题。最终，通过创设常任上诉贵族法官，上议院司法权得以保留，贵族司法传统实现了从“因贵族而司法”到“因司法而贵族”的转型。此后，法律贵族通过一系列程序技术推动了1873年司法改革目标——建立现代审级制度——的落实。因此，法律贵族的改革应当被视为1873年司法改革的关键措施，其所揭示的司法运作的专业化逻辑对于中国当下的司法改革同样具有启示意义。

英文摘要:

      Before 1873, the British supreme judicature, the symbol of aristocratic judiciary tradition, was exercised by aristocrats in House of Lords. In the 19th century, jurisdiction of House of Lords encountered legitimacy crisis, and whether to keep jurisdiction of House of Lords and continue aristocratic judiciary tradition became the key to guide 1873 judicial reform. The establishment of permanent system of aristocratic judge of appeal retained jurisdiction of House of Lords, and aristocratic judiciary tradition were transformed from “aristocrats oriented jurisdiction” to “jurisdiction oriented aristocrats”. Legal aristocrats’ reform should be regarded as the major measure of 1873 judicial reform. The professional logic is also of great significance for the current judicial reform in China.