论夫妻共同债务“时间”推定规则

On the “Time” Presumption Rule of Joint Debt of Husband and Wife

中文关键词:  夫妻共同债务；“时间”推定规则；表见代理；日常家事代理；人身规则

英文关键词:joint debt of husband and wife, “time” presumption rule, agency by estoppel, agency of family affairs, personal rule

中文摘要:

      《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国婚姻法〉若干问题的解释（二）》第24条确立“时间”推定规则的司法效果极不统一：有的法院直接适用，但会导致对非举债方的不公平；有的法院间接拒绝，继而向其他认定标准回归；一、二审法院也常常做出相反判决。就规范意义而言，“时间”推定规则作为夫妻共同债务认定体系中的一环，是调整夫妻债务外部关系的规范，应适用于超越日常家事范围的情形。基于婚姻家庭法上人身规则的特性，“时间”推定规则原则上推定夫妻债务为共同债务，但排除婚前个人债务、专属于一方的债务以及无偿行为所生债务。在债权人非为善意时，适用推定过错规则，免除非举债方的举证责任。

英文摘要:

      The justice effects of “time” presumption rule in Article 24 of the Supreme People’s Court Interpretation of Some Issues (II) on Application of Marriage Law of the PRC are not uniform. Some courts apply the rule directly, which result in injustice to the party who had not borrowed money, and some refuse to apply it indirectly and turn to other rule. Sometimes, the court decisions from the court of first instance and second instance are opposite. In the normative meaning, the “time” presumption is one of the rules that can determine joint debt of husband and wife, and it should differ from the extent of agency by estoppel. Because of the particularity of personal rule, the “time” presumption rule presumes the debt of husband and wife is joint debt in principle, but excludes the premarital debt which are personal, the debt exclusively personal to one and the debt resulted from gratuitous act. The burden of proof for the party who hasn’t borrowed money should be exempted if the creditor is malicious.