回归“民族志”与重塑马克思主义人类学

Reentry “Ethnography” and Remolding Marxism Anthropology

中文关键词:  实践民族志；历史民族志；科学民族志；马克思主义人类学；文化人类学

英文关键词:practical ethnography, historical ethnography, scientific ethnography, Marxism anthropology, cultural anthropology

中文摘要:

      马克思主义人类学的“灵魂”是实践民族志与历史民族志，两者构成了共时性与历时性有机统一的“科学民族志”雏形。马克思主义人类学的“科学民族志”是后续兴起的文化人类学及其民族志的萌芽形态，是文化人类学的先期探索与重要组成部分。既不宜把马克思主义人类学限定在“哲学人类学”层面，使之失去人类学“民族志”的核心内涵与主要特征；也不宜将其禁锢在“进化论”等历史人类学的旧有框架下，使之失去融入文化人类学的学术地位与发展机遇。随着文化人类学范式不断演进和民族志书写文本不断多样化，马克思主义人类学的实践民族志与历史民族志一方面需要在文化人类学的框架下进一步融合，以巩固与优化科学民族志的范式；另一方面，马克思主义人类学的“科学民族志”雏形也需要与时俱进，把民族志探索“部分的真理”的历史使命与“写文化”的多元民主政治有机结合起来，把探索人类社会发展的科学性与人类政治文化的多样性有机结合起来。

英文摘要:

      The soul of Marxism anthropology is practical ethnography and historical ethnography, and the two comprise the embryonic form of “scientific ethnography” with the organic unity of synchronicity and diachronicity. “Scientific ethnography” of Marxism anthropology is the initiative form of the rising cultural anthropology and its ethnography, and is also the initial explorations and important elements of cultural anthropology. The confinement of Marxism anthropology in philosophical anthropology makes it lose the core feature of “ethnography”, and the imprisonment of it in the old frame of evolution theory makes it lose its academic position and developing opportunities of being integrated into cultural anthropology. With the evolution of cultural anthropology paradigms and variation of ethnography texts, practical ethnography and historical ethnography of Marxism anthropology needs further integration within the framework of cultural anthropology so as to strengthen and optimize paradigms of scientific ethnography. At the same time, the initial form of “scientific ethnography” of Marxism anthropology should keep up with the times, the historical mission of ethnography with multiple democratic politics should be integrated, and explorations of scientific development of human society and diversity of human political culture should be integrated as well.